The types of colon polyps and their prevention Growths that occur on the inner lining of the colon (large intestine) and usually protrude into the colon are known as colon polyps. They form when the genetic material within the cells that line the colon changes and becomes abnormal. Under normal circumstances, the immature cells that line the colon multiply, mature, and then die in a timely fashion. On the other hand, the genetic changes in the lining cells prevent the cells from maturing, and they don’t die. Resultantly, immature and genetically abnormal cells start accumulating in the colon, eventually resulting in the formation of polyps. This article intends to raise awareness about colon polyps, its types, symptoms, diagnosis, the colon polyps – causes, and more. What are the types of colon polyps? Inflammatory colon polyps : Also known as false polyps, it is mostly found in people who have inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. These polyps are inflammatory manifestations of IBD, are benign, and are unlikely to become cancerous. Adenomatous colon polyps : Also known as adenomas, this type of colon polyps make up about 70% of all polyps found in the colon. They can become cancerous, but the process takes years. Hyperplastic colon polyps : The term hyperplasia means fast growth, which indicates an abnormal increase in the number of cells resulting in the gross enlargement of the colon polyp. Despite the rapid growth, hyperplastic polyps have a low risk of turning cancerous. Villous adenoma : This type of colon polyp has a greater potential of becoming cancerous. It is estimated that approximately 30 percent of villous adenomas develop into a malignancy. These polyps require surgery for the removal of their cauliflower-like protrusions. What are the causes of colon polyps? Experts are not sure about the colon polyps – causes. However, the causes are believed to be a mix of environmental and genetic factors that result in an abnormal tissue growth. What are the known risk factors of colon polyps? Age : The risk of developing colon polyps tends to increase with age. Family history : A close relative with colon cancer or polyps raises the risk. Sex : Men have a slightly higher chance of developing polyps. Race : Black men and women have a higher risk. Alcohol : Alcohol consumption is closely linked to colon cancer risk and is known as one of the colon polyps – causes. Red meat : If not had in moderation, red meat can serve as one of the colon polyps – causes. Having too much red meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer as well. Lack of dietary fiber : A good intake of fiber has many benefits, including colon benefits. It decreases the risk of colon cancer. Smoking : Smoking increases the risk of all types of cancers, and colon polyps or cancer is no exception. Obesity : Obese people are at higher risk of developing colon polyps and cancer. How are colonic polyps diagnosed? The following tests help diagnose colon polyps: Colonoscopy Sigmoidoscopy Barium enema CT colonography Stool test What are the symptoms of colon polyps? Change in stool color Rectal bleeding Iron deficiency Anemia Change in bowel habits Abdominal pain Blood in the stool Fatigue How common are colon polyps? They are very common. They increase in prevalence as people age. If one has colon polyps, they are more likely to develop polyps elsewhere in the colon later. Only a small proportion of polyps cause symptoms or signs, which usually are the result of bleeding from the polyp. How can colon polyps be prevented? Adopt healthy habits : Adopt healthy habits and increase the intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Limit fat intake, alcohol consumption, and quit tobacco. Stay physically active and maintain a healthy weight. Avoid all the estimated colon polyps – causes. Seek advice if at high risk : If there’s a family history of colon polyps or its other risk factors affect one, seeking prompt medical advice and counseling is important. With regular colonoscopies, one can prevent the colon polyps – causes from developing, and hence preventing the colon from developing.

Carcinoid neuroendocrine tumors – Prognosis and life expectancy The neuroendocrine system is a complex regulatory mechanism comprised of cells spread throughout several organ systems, including our lungs and digestive system. As they have characteristics of both nerves and endocrine cells, they are called neuroendocrine cells. The nerve cells transmit signals using electrical impulses, whereas endocrine cells make thyroid and insulin-secreting glands. This article intends to discuss the carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor that starts in these cells in detail. What is a carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor? A carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor starts in the cells of the hormone-producing organs in our body. A carcinoid tumor is a type of neuroendocrine tumor that most commonly arises in the gastrointestinal system, which includes intestines, stomach, and esophagus. Carcinoid tumors account for about 1% to 2% of lung cancers. As carcinoid tumors originate from tissue that produces hormones, the main side effect of the condition is the inappropriate release of various hormones in the bloodstream. Carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor can arise in a number of locations categorized into three areas: the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Lungs and stomach form the foregut area. The midgut comprises of the small intestine, colon, and appendix. The hindgut includes the end of the large bowel, the rectum, and genitourinary tract organs (ovaries and testes). What factors raise a person’s risk of developing a carcinoid tumor? A family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 : This hereditary condition increases an individual’s risk of developing tumors in the pituitary gland, pancreas, and parathyroid gland. Age : Age seems to be a major factor that plays an integral role, as children rarely develop carcinoid tumors; the average diagnosis age is 55 to 65 years for this condition. Race and gender : Carcinoid tumors are more common among black people than white people, and black men have a higher risk than black women. White men and women have the same risk levels, and after treatment, women tend to live longer. Other medical conditions : Some medical conditions that damage the stomach and reduce acid production increase the risk of developing a carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor. What are the symptoms of a carcinoid tumor? Signs and symptoms of a carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor depend on where the tumor develops: Carcinoid tumors in the lungs : The symptoms of a tumor in the lungs are chest pain, wheezing, diarrhea, shortness of breath, skin flushing (redness and a feeling of warmth on the face and neck), weight gain, particularly around the midsection and back, and pink or purple marks on the skin, which look like stretch marks. Carcinoid tumors in the digestive tract : The symptoms, in this case, are abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, intestinal blockage, causing an inability to pass stool, rectal bleeding and pain, and skin flushing. What are some effective management tips for the symptoms of carcinoid neuroendocrine tumors? Facial flushing : Avoid stress and ask your doctor about specific foods that cause facial flushing so that you can avoid them. Diarrhea : Ask your doctor for anti-diarrheal medication. Wheezing : Ask for medication that relaxes muscles in the lungs to make breathing easier. Heart problems : Discuss your heart issues with your doctor so that they can prescribe diuretics, which lower the blood pressure. Carcinoid syndrome : Use octreotide on prescription, which is the most effective medication to treat carcinoid syndrome. What is the prognosis for carcinoid neuroendocrine tumor? Carcinoid neuroendocrine tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign carcinoid tumors are small and can be removed completely. They don’t come back and don’t spread to other parts of the body. They don’t produce any symptoms as well. Malignant carcinoid tumors are large, and their cells can invade and damage the surrounding tissues and organs. Additionally, malignant cells can enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system and can even form new tumors in other parts of the body. Lymph nodes, lungs, bone liver, and skin are the common sites for carcinoid metastases. Carcinoid tumors grow slowly in comparison to other cancers, such as lung, colon, pancreas, or liver cancer. Patients with larger malignant carcinoid tumors (with or without metastasis) can survive and have a good quality of life after proper treatment. Adenocarcinoids, a rare form of carcinoid tumors, are more aggressive than the typical malignant carcinoid tumors.

Liver damage – What are the first signs? On the right side of the abdomen, below your rib cage, is an organ called the liver. It is the size of a football and is one of the most important organs in the human body. The liver aids in the digestion of the food we eat and also helps in flushing out the toxins from our body. When there is any kind of disturbance in the normal liver functioning, then it can cause a significant damage to the human body. Once you start exhibiting the signs of liver damage, it is important to get the exact diagnosis and take the next steps accordingly. What are the causes of liver damage? There can be a number of causes for liver damage: Liver infection is one of the most common causes of liver damage. Viruses and parasites can cause infections that affect the normal functioning of the liver. Hepatitis is the most common liver infection, which includes Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. Some diseases will affect your immune system thereby damaging your liver too. This is called autoimmune hepatitis. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis are of the same kind. If you have inherited an abnormal gene from any of your parents or family members, it can lead to a build up of various substances in the body and hence can damage the liver. Build up of liver cancer can be a cause. A person who is an alcohol addict is more prone to liver damage. What are the first signs of liver damage? There can be several signs of a liver damage. Here are 10 signs of liver damage that you need to pay attention to: Your eyes and skin turning yellow, which is usually a sign of jaundice. Abdominal swelling and pain are also symptoms of liver damage that you should watch out. Your ankles and legs begin to swell.. Your urine becomes dark yellow in color. There can be many reasons for dark yellow urine, but it can also be a sign of liver damage. Excessively itchy skin is also a symptom of liver damage. Loss of appetite. Getting bruises easily as your liver fails to create proteins needed for blood clotting. Vomiting and nausea for no reason. Blood in the stool or pale stool. Chronic fatigue. How is liver damage diagnosed? In order to get started with the liver damage treatment, it is very important to diagnose the symptoms of liver damage correctly. In order to start the diagnoses, your doctor will start with a physical examination, followed by requesting details of your health history. Liver function tests, which are blood tests will be done at the initial stage. MRI Scan and CT scan kind of image tests are done. Tissue analysis is also done to get an accurate idea of the problem . How is liver damage treated? The treatment for the liver damage depends on the type and severity of damage. Some stages can be treated with just slight modifications to the diet and lifestyle like weight reduction, no smoking or alcohol. Further stages will require medication and severe condition will need a surgery. If your liver has failed completely, then you will have to go for a liver transplant, which is an expensive and time consuming process. How can liver damage be prevented? Certain changes in your lifestyle can prevent liver damage. You need to stop drinking alcohol or only drink a moderate amount to decrease pressure on your liver. Get vaccinated to prevent getting hepatitis infections. When you are spraying insecticides or other aerosol sprays, make sure that you cover your nose and also make sure to protect your skin. You need to maintain a healthy weight as there are chances of fatty liver damage as well. You should take only medicine that is prescribed to you and make sure that you do not take any medicine in excess or without talking to your doctor.

What are the causes and symptoms of external Hemorrhoids? Hemorrhoids, popularly known as ‘Piles,’ are enlarged or swollen blood vessels near the lower part of the rectum or anus. The inflamed veins are caused due to excessive pressure on the veins or extra strain during bowel movements. Hemorrhoids are very common in men as well as women in their middle age. There are no major hemorrhoids – symptoms however these can be very painful and may cause severe itching and bleeding. What are the types of Hemorrhoids? There are various types of hemorrhoids that are classified based on the way they are caused: Internal hemorrhoids – In this type of condition, the swelling of the blood vessels is inside the rectum area. It may not cause discomfort however it may get painful during bowel movements and may cause bleeding. It may also at time protrude outside the anal opening and cause irritation. External hemorrhoids: In this condition, the swelling is around the skin of the anal area or the lower rectum area. It usually causes painful bowel movements and irritation due to itching. Thrombosed hemorrhoids: In this type of a situation there is generally a blood clot formation inside the hemorrhoid which is very distressing. What are the symptoms of external hemorrhoids? The external hemorrhoids – symptoms are: The bowel movements may not be very painful but contain blood every time you pass stool. It may even stain the tissue paper or undergarments. Severe and uncontrollable itching around the anal area. Intolerable pain in the rectum area during and after bowel movements. Discomfort while sitting or walking, along with pain and itching. Swelling of blood vessels in or around the anal fissure which may even protrude sometimes outside the anal opening. Lump in and around the anal area which is often sensitive, tender and painful may be a symptom of a thrombosed hemorrhoid. How is it caused? Every single person has hemorrhoids, it is only when they have swelling or inflammation it becomes troublesome and painful. The exact and precise cause for hemorrhoids is still not known. The increase in the pressure around the lower part of the rectum can cause swelling and inflammation in the blood vessels which may cause hemorrhoids and its symptoms. There are many other causes that lead to recurrent hemorrhoids which are: Strain or injury during bowel movements: This may happen due to constipation or pressure to pass the bowels. Diarrhea: It is also one of the causes of hemorrhoids. Chronic Constipation: The pressure put by the patient during constipation may lead to the swelling of the blood vessels. Injury to the spinal cord can also strain the veins leading to hemorrhoid formation. Pregnancy: Can lead to hemorrhoids as it tends to put pressure on the veins in the lower rectum area due to the enlarged uterus thereby causing swelling or inflammation. Sitting for prolonged periods in a place, plane, car or bus journey may put pressure on the lower rectum or anal area which may cause the blood vessels to get enlarged or swell thus leading to hemorrhoids. Irregular bowel movements: Can cause hemorrhoids due to strain or pressure during the bowel movements. Obesity can cause hemorrhoids Low fiber diet: Fiber in diet enables the smooth functioning of the digestive tract however low fiber may affect the smooth functioning of the digestive system which may lead to piles and enlarged veins in the rectum area. Inappropriate posture: Due to various reasons can lead to hemorrhoids as it may put pressure on the lower area of the rectum and anal opening. Family history: Many a times hemorrhoids are caused due to genetics as the person may have inherited it from his/her family. What are the treatment options? In most of cases of hemorrhoids, you can opt for self-treatment or home remedies as these aid in the problem going away. However, in the severe cases, medical intervention such as surgical procedures or medicines may be required for the person to recover fully. A medical intervention is the best way to manage the symptoms of hemorrhoids and nip the condition in the bud as soon as possible.

Home remedies to relieve pain and discomfort due to hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids are also known as “piles” as they are swollen or inflamed veins in and around the anus region of the body that cause severe pain, along with distress and bleeding. The swelling is caused due to increased pressure around the area or due to an injury during a bowel movement. It is a very common condition that may occur in the middle ages for both men and women. However, there are numerous options available to treat it. Many people can get relief from hemorrhoids by following major lifestyle changes and precautions; in severe cases, surgical intervention may be required. Who is at risk of hemorrhoids? People in their 50s are generally likely to get hemorrhoids; otherwise, people who can be at risk are as follows: Pregnant women Obese people Constipation Those sitting for long periods on the toilet seat Those who have low fiber intake in their regular diet Those with an injury caused by a bowel movement What are the symptoms? The various symptoms of hemorrhoids are these: Painless bleeding during bowel movements Severe itching around the anus Discomfort and unbearable pain while sitting Swelling or inflammation around the anal region How is hemorrhoids diagnosed? Hemorrhoids are generally diagnosed by looking at it visually. The other ways to test and detect hemorrhoids include those listed here: Digital rectal examination : In this test, the doctor will first check the anus canal and rectum visually and then decide to go for the digital rectal examination. The doctor will use their finger with gloves and insert it in the rectum to feel any abnormalities or growths for identification of hemorrhoids. Sigmoidoscopy : It is a test done by the doctor when the internal hemorrhoids are difficult to diagnose as they are often soft to be felt during the rectal exam. Sigmoidoscopy is done using a small camera around the anal canal area or the lower part of the rectum. Colonoscopy : This is done by the doctor to detect hemorrhoids in cases when the patient is detected with some other digestive disorders, when there is a risk of colorectal cancer, or when the patient has been through colonoscopy recently. In this test, the patient is given medicines before the test to feel drowsy and relaxed. The doctor inserts the camera with a tube into the lower end of the rectum right up to the other end to be able to see the internal parts in the camera for a specific examination. What are some prevention measures for hemorrhoids? There are various ways to avoid getting hemorrhoids, which include these: Sufficient amount of water intake Regular exercise Fiber included in the diet Active life Avoiding constipation Eating moderate food that is easy to digest What are the home remedies to treat hemorrhoids? Hemorrhoid cures and treatment can also be done using popular home remedies, which are as mentioned: Eating fiber-rich food : The regular diet should include fruits, vegetables, grains, and lots of liquids. This will help avoid acidity and will help in smooth digestion. This will also help avoid any injury to the blood vessels in the rectum area. Aloe vera : This is an incredible natural product that is beneficial to mankind in numerous ways, and it is also helpful in treating hemorrhoids. Application of aloe vera will help in reducing the irritation and itching in the rectum area. Sitz bath : This treatment is advised by the doctor to help the patient with hemorrhoids. It involves sitting in warm water for 15-20 minutes for 3-4 times a day to get relief from pain. Cleanliness : The physical practitioner will also give directives to keep the area clean and dry to avoid any further infections. Avoid perfumed or chemical-based products and keep the area dry as much as possible. Soothing wipes : Soft wet wipes can be used to clean and soothe the area from swelling. Stool softeners : In the form of liquids or tablets, these can be advised by the doctor to avoid constipation and help in easy and quick bowel movements, which will help in getting relief from pain. Cold compress : Ice packs or cold compresses to the rectum or anal area will help in relieving swelling and inflammation of the blood vessels. Witch hazel : This can be applied directly to the affected area to help reduce pain and itching.

The best treatment options for external hemorrhoids in the country Hemorrhoids is another name for piles. It is a group of swollen tissues in the channel area of the anus. It consists of blood vessels, tissues, and fibers that are mostly elastic in nature. Mostly due to our harried lifestyle and junk food habits, nowadays many people suffer from hemorrhoids, but the challenge is that the symptoms are not prominent and thus it goes untreated till the time it reaches an advanced level. Most of the citizens of the country are diagnosed with hemorrhoids or piles by the time they touch the age of 50. A doctor will be able to detect external hemorrhoid very conveniently and some of the probable hemorrhoid cures and treatments that they might advise will depend on the severity of the disease. What are some of the symptoms associated with hemorrhoids? Discomfort in and around the anus Blood in stool Pain during passing stool and the bowels seem full even after passing stool It is important to treat hemorrhoids without delay, as prolonged suffering from piles can lead to more complicated health problems. What are some lifestyle changes that can be adopted to help with hemorrhoids? The first step that required to take will be to remodel one’s lifestyle. At whatever stage piles might be, leading a controlled and balanced diet will be the most important requirement. Some important things to consider are these: Eating fibrous food Exercising regularly Checking one’s weight Being hygienic Taking warm baths to get relief from pain What are some of the common hemorrhoid medications? If the pain is not severe and the hemorrhoids are in the early stage, the doctor will prescribe medicines like lotions, emulsions, or pads. These relieve the irritation and pain for the time being. However, these are not to be used for a prolonged span of time. There are many over-the-counter medications available that can be bought online also. If the pain doesn’t subside within 7 days, it is imperative to visit a doctor. What are the various surgical options available to treat hemorrhoids? For a permanent solution, surgery is the option; however, the criticality and the techniques vary depending on the severity of a case. Some of the commonly recommended surgical options are as listed: Rubberbanding : In the process of ligation, the doctor places one or two small elastic bands surrounding the base of hemorrhoid. This cuts of the circulation of blood supply. Within 7 days, hemorrhoid weakens and shells off. Though this has proved effective for most people, some have found it to be painful. Symptoms like bleeding may start showing within two to four days of the process, and the doctor must be consulted without any delay in such a scenario. Sclerotherapy : In this procedure, the doctor will inject a medical solution, which in turn causes hemorrhoids to shrink in size. As it’s not painful, it can be used as an alternative to rubberbanding, but the latter is more effective. Laser or ultraviolet coagulation : In this procedure, infrared is used to kill the hemorrhoids. During the process, the hemorrhoid tissues get burned as they are exposed to the infrared light or heat. This might cause slight bleeding but is an effective way to shrink hemorrhoids. Removal of hemorrhoid : This is the most effective and complicated process of hemorrhoid cures and treatment. In this procedure, the doctor removes hemorrhoid from the body and thus it is the fastest permanent solution. However, it requires applying of anesthesia, either local or spinal, along with other sedation, and causes pain post surgery. Since a doctor will need to remove excess blood vessels from the body, sedation is compulsory. Regarding the post-surgery symptoms, like infection, burning sensation, or discomfort in movements, they last for a few days and can be treated with mild medications. This surgical procedure is known as hemorrhoidectomy. Stapling the hemorrhoids : In this surgical process, known as the stapled hemorrhoidectomy or stapled hemorrhoidopexy, the doctor will stop the flow of blood to the hemorrhoid tissue. Though this process is less painful and less complicated as compared to hemorrhoidectomy, it is not a fool-proof solution. Chances of recurrence remain, as the excess tissues are not completely removed from the body. Post-surgery problems like bleeding and urinary tract infection have been observed in this case also. While this article speaks about the general hemorrhoid cures and treatments, a doctor will be the best to judge which procedure suits a patient the best.